Iziko lokuGqwesa kwiZixhobo zoKhuseleko kunye neZixhobo (CEPEM), 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada
Sebenzisa ikhonkco elingezantsi ukuze wabelane ngoguqulelo olupheleleyo lweli nqaku kunye nabahlobo bakho kunye noogxa bakho.Funda nzulu.
Iiarhente zempilo zoluntu zicebisa ukuba uluntu lusebenzise iimaski ukunciphisa ukusasazeka kwezifo ezihamba emoyeni ezifana ne-COVID-19.Xa imaski isebenza njengesihluzi esisebenza kakuhle, ukusasazeka kwentsholongwane kuya kuncitshiswa, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kokucoca imaski (PFE) yemaski.Nangona kunjalo, iindleko eziphezulu kunye namaxesha amade okukhokela ahambelana nokuthenga inkqubo ye-PFE ye-turnkey okanye ukuqesha ilabhoratri evunyiweyo kuthintela ukuvavanywa kwezinto zokucoca.Kukho imfuneko ecacileyo yenkqubo yovavanyo yePFE “eyenziwe ngokwezifiso”;nangona kunjalo, imigangatho eyahlukeneyo echaza uvavanyo lwe-PFE (lwezonyango) iimaski (umzekelo, i-ASTM International, i-NIOSH) iyahluka kakhulu ekucacisweni kwemigaqo kunye nezikhokelo zabo.Apha, uphuhliso lwenkqubo “yangaphakathi” yePFE kunye nendlela yokuvavanya iimaski kumxholo wemigangatho yangoku yemaski yonyango ichaziwe.Ngokwemigangatho ye-ASTM yamazwe ngamazwe, inkqubo isebenzisa ii-latex spheres (0.1 µm ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo) i-aerosols kwaye isebenzisa i-laser particle analyzer ukulinganisa i-particle concentration up and downstream ye-mask material.Yenza imilinganiselo ye-PFE kumalaphu ahlukeneyo aqhelekileyo kunye neemaski zonyango.Indlela echazwe kulo msebenzi ihlangabezana nemigangatho yangoku yokuvavanya i-PFE, ngelixa inikezela ukuguquguquka ukulungelelanisa iimfuno eziguqukayo kunye neemeko zokucoca.
Iiarhente zempilo zoluntu zicebisa ukuba abantu ngokubanzi banxibe imaski ukunciphisa ukusasazeka kwe-COVID-19 kunye nezinye izifo ezithwalwa yi-droplet kunye ne-aerosol.[1] Imfuno yokunxiba iimaski iyasebenza ekunciphiseni usulelo, kwaye [2] ibonisa ukuba iimaski zoluntu ezingavavanywanga zibonelela ngohluzo oluluncedo.Ngapha koko, uphononongo lokumodela lubonise ukuba ukuncitshiswa kokusasazeka kwe-COVID-19 kuphantse kulingane kwimveliso edibeneyo yokusebenza kwemaski kunye nenqanaba lokwamkelwa, kwaye la manyathelo kunye namanye asekelwe kuluntu anefuthe lentsebenziswano ekunciphiseni ukulaliswa esibhedlele kunye nokufa.[3]
Inani leemaski eziqinisekisiweyo zonyango kunye neziphefumla ezifunwa lukhathalelo lwempilo kunye nabanye abasebenzi abaphambili linyuke kakhulu, libeka imiceli mngeni kwimveliso esele ikhona kunye nokubonelela ngamatyathanga, kwaye kubangele abavelisi abatsha ukuba bavavanye ngokukhawuleza kwaye baqinisekise izixhobo ezitsha.Imibutho efana ne-ASTM International kunye neNational Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) iphuhlise iindlela ezisemgangathweni zokuvavanya iimaski zonyango;nangona kunjalo, iinkcukacha zezi ndlela ziyahluka ngokubanzi, kwaye umbutho ngamnye umisele imigangatho yawo yokusebenza.
Ukusebenza kakuhle kokucoca imaski (PFE) lolona phawu lubalulekileyo lwemaski kuba inxulumene namandla ayo okucoca amasuntswana amancinci anje nge-aerosols.Iimaski zonyango kufuneka zihlangabezane neethagethi ezithile zePFE[4-6] ukuze ziqinisekiswe zii-arhente ezilawulayo ezifana ne-ASTM International okanye i-NIOSH.Iimaski zotyando ziqinisekiswa yi-ASTM, kwaye ii-N95 respirators ziqinisekiswa yi-NIOSH, kodwa zombini iimaski kufuneka zigqithise amaxabiso athile okusikwa kwePFE.Umzekelo, iimaski ze-N95 kufuneka zifezekise ukuhluzwa kwe-95% yee-aerosols ezenziwe ngamasuntswana etyuwa anomlinganiselo wokubala ophakathi kwe-0.075 µm, ngelixa iimaski zotyando ze-ASTM 2100 L3 kufuneka zifezekise i-98% yokucoca ii-aerosols ezenziwe ngeebhola zelatex ezinobubanzi obuyi-0.1 µm. .
Iinketho ezimbini zokuqala zibiza kakhulu (>i-$1,000 ngesampulu yovavanyo nganye, kuqikelelwa ukuba yi-$150,000 yezixhobo ezichaziweyo), kwaye ngexesha lobhubhani we-COVID-19, kukho ukulibaziseka ngenxa yamaxesha amade okuhanjiswa kunye nemiba yokubonelela.Iindleko eziphezulu zovavanyo lwe-PFE kunye namalungelo alinganiselweyo okufikelela-okudityaniswa nokungabikho kwesikhokelo esihambelanayo malunga novavanyo olusemgangathweni lwentsebenzo-luye lwakhokelela abaphandi ukuba basebenzise iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvavanya ngokwezifiso, ezihlala zisekelwe kwimigangatho enye okanye ngaphezulu kwiimaski zonyango eziqinisekisiweyo.
Isixhobo esikhethekileyo sokuvavanya imaski efunyenwe kuncwadi olukhoyo luhlala lufana nemigangatho ekhankanywe ngasentla ye-NIOSH okanye ye-ASTM F2100/F2299.Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi banethuba lokukhetha okanye ukutshintsha uyilo okanye iiparamitha zokusebenza ngokuthanda kwabo.Ngokomzekelo, utshintsho kwisantya somgangatho wesampula, izinga lokuhamba komoya / i-aerosol, ubungakanani besampulu (indawo), kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-particle ye-aerosol isetyenzisiwe.Uninzi lwezifundo zamva nje zisebenzise izixhobo ezilungiselelwe ukuvavanya imathiriyeli yemaski.Ezi zixhobo zisebenzisa i-sodium chloride aerosols kwaye zisondele kwimigangatho ye-NIOSH.Ngokomzekelo, uRogak et al.(2020), uZangmeister et al.(2020), Drunic et al.(2020) kunye noJoo et al.(2021) Zonke izixhobo ezakhiweyo ziya kuvelisa i-aerosol ye-sodium chloride (ubungakanani obahlukeneyo), obungathintelwanga yintlawulo yombane, ihlanjululwe ngomoya ococekileyo kwaye ithunyelwe kwisampulu yezinto eziphathekayo, apho i-particle optical sizer, i-particle edibeneyo yokulinganisa i-particle edibeneyo yokulinganisa [9, 14-16] Konda et al.(2020) kunye noHao et al.(2020) Isixhobo esifanayo sakhiwe, kodwa i-neutralizer yentlawulo ayizange ifakwe.[8, 17] Kwezi zifundo, isantya somoya kwisampulu sahluka phakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-90 L min-1 (ngamanye amaxesha ukubona imiphumo yokuhamba / yesantya);nangona kunjalo, isantya somphezulu sasiphakathi kwe-5.3 kunye ne-25 cm s-1 phakathi.Ubungakanani besampulu bubonakala buhluka phakathi kwe-≈3.4 kunye ne-59 cm2.
Ngokuchasene noko, kukho izifundo ezimbalwa kuvavanyo lwemathiriyeli yemaski ngezixhobo ezisebenzisa i-latex aerosol, ekufutshane kumgangatho we-ASTM F2100/F2299.Ngokomzekelo, uBagheri et al.(2021), uShakya et al.(2016) kunye noLu et al.(2020) Yakha isixhobo sokuvelisa i-polystyrene latex aerosol, ehlanjululwe kwaye yathunyelwa kwiisampuli zezinto eziphathekayo, apho abahlalutyi beentlobo ze-particle okanye i-scanning mobility particle size analyzers zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-particle concentration.[18-20] Kwaye uLu et al.Intlawulo ye-neutralizer isetyenziswe ezantsi kwejenereyitha yabo ye-aerosol, kwaye ababhali bezinye izifundo ezimbini abazange.Isantya sokuhamba komoya kwisampulu sitshintshile kancinci-kodwa ngaphakathi kwemida yomgangatho we-F2299-ukusuka ku-≈7.3 ukuya kwi-19 L min-1.Isantya somphezulu womoya ofundwe nguBagheri et al.yi-2 kunye ne-10 cm s–1 (ngaphakathi koluhlu olusemgangathweni), ngokulandelelanayo.Kwaye uLu et al., kunye noShakya et al.[18-20] Ukongeza, umbhali kunye noShakya et al.i-latex spheres ezivavanyiweyo zobukhulu obahlukeneyo (okt, jikelele, 20 nm ukuya ku-2500 nm).Kwaye uLu et al.Ubuncinane kwezinye iimvavanyo zabo, basebenzisa i-100 nm echaziweyo (0.1 µm) ubukhulu bamasuntswana.
Kulo msebenzi, sichaza imingeni esijongene nayo ekudaleni isixhobo sePFE esihambelana nemigangatho ekhoyo ye-ASTM F2100/F2299 kangangoko kunokwenzeka.Phakathi kwemigangatho ephambili eyaziwayo (okt I-NIOSH kunye ne-ASTM F2100 / F2299), umgangatho we-ASTM unikezela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwiiparamitha (ezifana nezinga lokuhamba komoya) ukufunda ukusebenza kokucoca okunokuthi kuchaphazele i-PFE kwiimaski ezingezizo zonyango.Nangona kunjalo, njengoko sibonisiwe, olu bhetyebhetye lubonelela ngenqanaba elongezelelweyo lobunzima ekuyileni izixhobo ezinjalo.
Iikhemikhali zathengwa eSigma-Aldrich zaza zasetyenziswa njengoko zinjalo.I-Styrene monomer (≥99%) ihlanjululwa ngekholomu yeglasi equkethe i-alumina inhibitor remover, eyenzelwe ukususa i-tert-butylcatechol.Amanzi adiyiniweyo (≈0.037 µS cm–1) aphuma kwi-Sartorius Arium inkqubo yokucoca amanzi.
I-100% ye-cotton plain weave (i-Muslin CT) enesisindo esincinci se-147 gm-2 ivela kwi-Veratex Lining Ltd., QC, kunye ne-bamboo / spandex blend ivela ku-D. Zinman Textiles, QC.Ezinye izixhobo zemaski zomgqatswa zivela kubathengisi belaphu basekhaya (Fabricland).Ezi zixhobo ziquka amalaphu amabini awohlukeneyo e-100% e-cotton (anemibala eyahlukeneyo), ilaphu elinithiweyo le-cotton / i-spandex, amalaphu amabini anithiweyo e-polyester (enye "yendalo yonke" kunye "nelaphu le sweatshi") kunye nomqhaphu ongalukwanga/ipolypropylene edityanisiweyo. izinto zokubetha umqhaphu.Itheyibhile 1 ibonisa isishwankathelo seempawu zelaphu ezaziwayo.Ukwenzela ukulinganisa izixhobo ezitsha, iimaski zonyango eziqinisekisiweyo zifunyenwe kwizibhedlele zasekhaya, kubandakanywa i-ASTM 2100 iNqanaba lesi-2 (L2) kunye neNqanaba lesi-3 (L3; Halyard) iimaski zonyango eziqinisekisiweyo kunye ne-N95 yokuphefumla (3M).
Isampulu esetyhula emalunga ne-85 mm yedayamitha yasikwa kwinto nganye eza kuvavanywa;akukho lutshintsho olwenziweyo kwizinto eziphathekayo (umzekelo, ukuhlamba).Gqoka iluphu yelaphu kwisibambi sesampulu yesixhobo sePFE ukuze uvavanywe.Ubungakanani bokwenene besampulu ekudibaneni nokuhamba komoya ngu-73 mm, kwaye izinto eziseleyo zisetyenziselwa ukulungisa ngokuqinileyo isampuli.Kwimaski edibeneyo, icala elichukumisa ubuso likude ne-aerosol yezinto ezinikezelweyo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-monodisperse anionic polystyrene latex spheres nge-emulsion polymerization.Ngokwenkqubo echazwe kuphononongo lwangaphambili, ukusabela kwaqhutywa kwimodi ye-semi-batch yendlala ye-monomer.[21, 22] Yongeza amanzi adibeneyo (i-160 mL) kwi-250 mL ye-flask ephantsi ejikelezileyo enentamo ezintathu kwaye uyibeke kwindawo yokuhlamba ioli.Iflask ke yahlanjululwa ngenitrogen kunye ne styrene monomer (2.1 mL) engenazihibitor (2.1 mL) yongezwa kwiflask ecociweyo, exokisiweyo.Emva kwemizuzu eyi-10 kwi-70 ° C, yongeza i-sodium lauryl sulfate (0.235 g) echithwe emanzini adibeneyo (8 mL).Emva kweminye imizuzu ye-5, i-potassium persulfate (0.5 g) echithwe emanzini adibeneyo (2 mL) yongezwa.Kwiiyure ezi-5 ezilandelayo, sebenzisa impompo yesirinji ukutofa kancinane isitayile esingenayo inhibitor-free (20 mL) kwiflask ngomlinganiselo wama-66 µL min-1.Emva kokuba ukufakwa kwe-styrene kugqityiwe, ukusabela kwaqhubeka kwezinye iiyure ze-17.Emva koko i-flask yavulwa kwaye ipholile ukuphelisa i-polymerization.I-polystyrene latex emulsion eyenziwe nge-dialyzed ngokuchasene namanzi e-deionized kwityhubhu ye-SnakeSkin dialysis (3500 Da i-molecular weight cut-off) iintsuku ezintlanu, kwaye amanzi ahlanjululweyo atshintshwa yonke imihla.Susa i-emulsion kwi-tube ye-dialysis kwaye uyigcine efrijini kwi-4 ° C de isetyenziswe.
I-Dynamic light scattering (DLS) yenziwe nge-Brookhaven 90Plus analyzer, i-laser wavelength yayiyi-659 nm, kwaye i-angle ye-detector yayingu-90 °.Sebenzisa i-software yesisombululo se-particle eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi (v2.6; i-Brookhaven Instruments Corporation) ukuhlalutya idatha.I-latex suspension ihlanjululwa ngamanzi adiyoniweyo de i-particle count imalunga nama-500 amawaka ezibalo ngesekhondi (kcps).Ubungakanani be-particle bunqunywe ukuba bube yi-125 ± 3 nm, kwaye ingxelo ye-polydispersity yayingu-0.289 ± 0.006.
I-ZetaPlus zeta enokuthi ihlalutye i-analyzer (i-Brookhaven Instruments Corp.) isetyenziselwe ukufumana ixabiso elilinganisiweyo le-zeta enokubakho kwimowudi yokusabalalisa ukukhanya kwesigaba.Isampuli yalungiswa ngokongeza i-aliquot ye-latex kwisisombululo se-5 × 10-3m se-NaCl kunye nokunciphisa ukumiswa kwe-latex kwakhona ukufezekisa ukubala kwe-particle malunga ne-500 kcps.Imilinganiselo emihlanu ephindaphindiweyo (nganye ebandakanya i-30 runs) yenziwa, okubangelwa ixabiso le-zeta elinokubakho -55.1 ± 2.8 mV, apho impazamo ibonisa ukuphambuka komgangatho wexabiso eliqhelekileyo lokuphindaphinda ezintlanu.Le milinganiselo ibonisa ukuba iinqununu zihlawuliswa kakubi kwaye zenze ukumiswa okuzinzile.I-DLS kunye ne-zeta idatha enokuthi ifumaneke kwiitheyibhile zolwazi ezixhasayo ze-S2 kunye ne-S3.
Sakhe izixhobo ngokuhambelana nemigangatho ye-ASTM yamazwe ngamazwe, njengoko kuchazwe ngezantsi kwaye kuboniswe kwi-Figure 1. Imodyuli ye-atomization ye-jet eyodwa ye-Blaustein (BLAM; CHTech) i-aerosol generator isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-aerosols equkethe iibhola ze-latex.Umjelo womoya ohluziweyo (ofunyenwe ngeGE Healthcare Whatman 0.3 µm HEPA-CAP kunye ne-0.2 µm POLYCAP TF izihluzi ngothotho) ingena kwijenereyitha yeaerosol kuxinzelelo lwama-20 psi (6.9 kPa) kwaye yenza iatomize inxalenye ye-5 mg L-1 Ukumiswa Ulwelo lutofwa kwibhola yelatex yesixhobo ngepompo yesirinji (KD Scientific Model 100).Amasuntswana amanzi e-aerosolized omisiwe ngokudlula umsinga womoya oshiya i-aerosol generator ngokusebenzisa i-tubular heat exchanger.Umtshintshi wobushushu uqukethe i-5/8 "yenxeba yentsimbi yensimbi engenasici kunye ne-coil ye-8-foot-long-long-heating coil.Imveliso yi-216 W (BriskHeat).Ngokutsho kokudayela kwayo okuhlengahlengiswayo, ukukhutshwa kwe-heater kumiselwe kwi-40% yexabiso eliphezulu lesixhobo (≈86 W);oku kuvelisa umyinge wobushushu bodonga lwangaphandle lwe-112 °C (ukutenxa okusemgangathweni ≈1 °C), okugqitywa ngumlinganiselo we-thermocouple (Taylor USA) owenziwe phezulu.Umzobo S4 kulwazi oluxhasayo ushwankathela ukusebenza kwesifudumezi.
Iingqungquthela ezomileyo ze-atomized zixutywe kunye nomthamo omkhulu womoya ohluziweyo ukuze ufezekise umlinganiselo wokuhamba komoya opheleleyo we-28.3 L min-1 (oko kukuthi, i-cubic foot ngomzuzu).Eli xabiso likhethwe ngenxa yokuba liyisantya esichanekileyo sokuhamba kwesixhobo se-laser particle analyzer isampuli ezantsi kwenkqubo.Umjelo womoya ophethe amasuntswana e-latex uthunyelwa kwelinye lamagumbi amabini afanayo (oko kukuthi, iityhubhu zentsimbi egudileyo ezinodonga): igumbi "lolawulo" elingenamaski, okanye "isampulu" esesetyhula-esikiweyo-usetyenziso lwegumbi elinokudityaniswa. ifakwe ngaphandle kwelaphu.Ububanzi bangaphakathi bamagumbi amabini yi-73 mm, ehambelana nobubanzi bangaphakathi bomnini wesampuli.Umnini wesampulu usebenzisa amakhonkco e-grooved kunye neebholiti ezihlaziyiweyo ukuze utywine ngokuqinileyo izinto zemaski, kwaye emva koko ufake isibiyeli esithintekayo kwisithuba segumbi lesampuli, kwaye uyitywine ngokuqinileyo kwisixhobo kunye ne-rubber gaskets kunye ne-clamps (Umfanekiso S2, ulwazi lwenkxaso).
Ububanzi besampulu yelaphu ekudibaneni ne-airflow yi-73 mm (indawo = 41.9 cm2);itywinwe kwigumbi lesampula ngexesha lovavanyo.Ukuhamba komoya okushiya "ulawulo" okanye "isampuli" yegumbi idluliselwa kwi-laser particle analyzer (inkqubo yokulinganisa i-particle LASAIR III 110) ukulinganisa inani kunye nokuxinwa kweengqungquthela ze-latex.I-analyzer ye-particle ichaza imida engaphantsi kunye nephezulu ye-particle concentration, ngokulandelanayo i-2 × 10-4 kunye ne-≈34 iinqununu nge-cubic foot (i-7 kunye ne-≈950 000 i-cubic foot).Ngomlinganiselo we-latex particle concentration, i-particle concentration ixelwe "kwibhokisi" kunye nomda ophantsi kunye nomda ophezulu we-0.10-0.15 µm, ehambelana nobukhulu obusondeleyo be-singlelt latex particles kwi-aerosol.Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iisayizi zemigqomo zingasetyenziswa, kwaye imigqomo emininzi inokuvavanywa ngaxeshanye, kunye nobukhulu bobukhulu beqhekeza le-5 µm.
Isixhobo sikwabandakanya nezinye izixhobo, ezifana nezixhobo zokucoca igumbi kunye ne-particle analyzer ngomoya ococekileyo ococekileyo, kunye neevalve eziyimfuneko kunye nezixhobo (Umfanekiso 1).Umzobo opheleleyo wemibhobho kunye nezixhobo ziboniswa kuMfanekiso S1 kunye neThebhile S1 yolwazi oluxhasayo.
Ngexesha lovavanyo, ukumiswa kwe-latex kwatofwa kwijenereyitha ye-aerosol kwisantya sokuhamba kwe-≈60 ukuya kwi-100 µL min-1 ukugcina imveliso yesuntswana elizinzileyo, malunga ne-14-25 amasuntswana kwi-cubic centimeter nganye (400 000-cubic centimeter nganye) 700 Amasuntswana angama-000).Iinyawo) emgqomeni onobungakanani be 0.10–0.15 µm.Olu luhlu lwesantya sokuhamba luyafuneka ngenxa yeenguqu eziqatshelweyo kwingxubusho ye-latex particles ezantsi komjenereyitha we-aerosol, enokuthi ifakwe kwiinguqu kwixabiso le-latex yokumiswa okubanjwe ngumgibe wolwelo we-aerosol generator.
Ukuze ulinganise i-PFE yesampula yelaphu enikeziweyo, i-latex particle aerosol iqala ukudluliselwa kwigumbi lokulawula kwaye iqondiswe kwi-analyzer ye-particle.Ukulinganisa ngokuqhubekayo ukuxinwa kwamaqhekeza amathathu ngokulandelelana ngokukhawuleza, ngalinye lihlala ngomzuzu omnye.I-particle analyzer ibika umyinge wexesha lokugxininiswa kweengqungquthela ngexesha lokuhlalutya, oko kukuthi, umyinge wokuxinwa kweengqungquthela ngomzuzu omnye (28.3 L) wesampuli.Emva kokuthatha le milinganiselo yesiseko ukuseka i-particle count ezinzileyo kunye nesantya sokuhamba kwegesi, i-aerosol idluliselwa kwigumbi lesampuli.Nje ukuba inkqubo ifikelele kwi-equilibrium (ngokuqhelekileyo i-60-90 imizuzwana), enye imilinganiselo emithathu elandelelanayo yomzuzu omnye ithathwa ngokulandelelana ngokukhawuleza.Le milinganiselo yesampulu imele ukuxinwa kwamasuntswana adlula kwisampulu yelaphu.Emva koko, ngokwahlula ukuhamba kwe-aerosol kubuyela kwigumbi lokulawula, enye imilinganiselo yoxinzelelo lwamasuntswana amathathu ithathwe kwigumbi lokulawula ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba i-particle enyukayo ayitshintshanga kakhulu ngexesha lenkqubo yovavanyo lwesampulu.Ekubeni ukuyila kwamagumbi amabini kuyafana-ngaphandle kokuba igumbi lesampuli lingakwazi ukusingatha umnini wesampuli-imeko zokuhamba kwegumbi zingaqwalaselwa ngokufanayo, ngoko ke ukuxinwa kwamasuntswana kwigesi eshiya igumbi lokulawula kunye negumbi lesampuli. inokuthelekiswa.
Ukuze kugcinwe ubomi besixhobo sokuhlalutya i-particle kwaye ususe i-aerosol particles kwinkqubo phakathi kovavanyo ngalunye, sebenzisa i-HEPA ye-jet yokucoca i-air jet ukucoca i-particle analyzer emva komlinganiselo ngamnye, kwaye uhlambulule igumbi lesampuli ngaphambi kokutshintsha iisampuli.Nceda ubhekisele kuMzobo S1 kulwazi lwenkxaso kwidayagram yesikim senkqubo yokugungxulwa komoya kwisixhobo sePFE.
Olu balo lumele umlinganiselo wePFE “ophindaphindiweyo” kwisampulu yezinto eziphathekayo kwaye ilingana nokubalwa kwePFE kwi-ASTM F2299 (Equation (2)).
Izinto ezichazwe kwi-§2.1 zinomngeni kunye ne-latex aerosols usebenzisa izixhobo ze-PFE ezichazwe kwi-§2.3 ukugqiba ukufaneleka kwazo njengezixhobo zemaski.Umzobo 2 ubonisa ufundo olufunyenwe kuhlalutyi loxinaniso lwamasuntswana, kwaye amaxabiso ePFE amalaphu ejezi kunye nezixhobo zokubetha zilinganiswa ngaxeshanye.Uhlalutyo lwesampulu ezintathu lwenziwa kwitotali yezixhobo ezimbini kunye nokuphindaphinda ezintandathu.Ngokucacileyo, ufundo lokuqala kwiseti yezifundo ezintathu (ezinomthunzi ngombala olula) ngokuqhelekileyo zihluke kwezinye ezimbini.Ngokomzekelo, ukufundwa kokuqala kuhluke kumyinge wezinye ezimbini zokufunda kwi-12-15 kathathu kuMfanekiso 2 ngaphezu kwe-5%.Olu qwalaselo lunxulumene nokulinganisela komoya oqulethe i-aerosol ohamba nge-particle analyzer.Njengoko kuxutyushwa kwiiMathiriyeli kunye neeNdlela, ukufundwa kokulingana (ulawulo lwesibini kunye nolwesithathu kunye nokufundwa kweesampuli) kusetyenziswe ukubala i-PFE kwi-shades eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nobomvu kwi-Figure 2, ngokulandelanayo.Lilonke, i-avareji yexabiso le-PFE lee-replicate ezintathu yi-78% ± 2% yelaphu lejezi kunye ne-74% ± 2% yemathiriyeli yokubethelwa komqhaphu.
Ukulinganisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo, iimaski zonyango eziqinisekisiweyo ze-ASTM 2100 (L2, L3) kunye ne-NIOSH respirators (N95) nazo zavavanywa.Umgangatho we-ASTM F2100 umisela ukusebenza kakuhle kokucoca amasuntswana e-sub-micron ye-0.1 µm amasuntswana enqanaba lesi-2 kunye nenqanaba lesi-3 lemaski ukuba libe ngu-≥ 95% kunye ≥ 98%, ngokulandelelanayo.[5] Ngokufanayo, i-NIOSH-certified N95 respirators kufuneka ibonise ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-filtration ye-≥95% ye-atomized NaCl nanoparticles kunye nobubanzi obuphakathi kwe-0.075 µm.[24] Rengasamy et al.Ngokweengxelo, iimaski ezifanayo ze-N95 zibonisa ixabiso le-PFE le-99.84% -99.98%, [25] i-Zangmeister et al.Ngokweengxelo, i-N95 yabo ivelisa ubuncinci bokuhluza okungaphezulu kwe-99.9%, [14] ngelixa uJoo et al.Ngokweengxelo, iimaski ze-3M N95 zivelise i-99% ye-PFE (amasuntswana angama-300 nm), [16] kunye noHao et al.Ingxelo ye-N95 PFE (i-300 nm particles) yi-94.4%.[17] Kwiimaski ezimbini ze-N95 ezicelwa umngeni nguShakya et al.ngeebhola zelatex eziyi-0.1 µm, iPFE yehle ngokumalunga ne-80% kunye ne-100%.[19] Xa uLu et al.Ukusebenzisa iibhola zelatex ezinobungakanani obufanayo ukuvavanya iimaski ze-N95, umndilili we-PFE uxelwe ukuba ungama-93.8%.[20] Iziphumo ezifunyenwe ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezichazwe kulo msebenzi zibonisa ukuba i-PFE ye-mask ye-N95 yi-99.2 ± 0.1%, evumelana kakuhle kunye nezifundo ezininzi zangaphambili.
Iimaski zotyando nazo ziye zavavanywa kwizifundo ezininzi.Iimaski zotyando zikaHao et al.ibonise i-PFE (i-300 nm particles) ye-73.4%, [17] ngelixa iimaski ezintathu zotyando zivavanywa nguDrewnick et al.I-PFE ivelise uluhlu ukusuka malunga ne-60% ukuya phantse kwi-100%.[15] (Imaski yokugqibela ingaba yimodeli eqinisekisiweyo.) Nangona kunjalo, uZangmeister et al.Ngokweengxelo, ubuncinci bokuhluza kokusebenza kweemaski ezimbini ezivavanyiweyo kungaphezulu kancinci kune-30%, [14] isezantsi kakhulu kuneemaski zotyando ezivavanyiweyo kolu phononongo.Ngokufanayo, "imaski yotyando eluhlaza" evavanywa nguJoo et al.Qinisekisa ukuba i-PFE (300 nm particles) yi-22% kuphela.[16] Shakya et al.ingxelo yokuba i-PFE yeemaski zotyando (esebenzisa i-0.1 µm amasuntswana elatex) yehle ngokuqikelelwa ngama-60-80%.[19] Ukusebenzisa iibhola zelatex ezinobukhulu obufanayo, imaski yoqhaqho kaLu et al ivelise isiphumo esiphakathi se-PFE se-80.2%.[20] Xa kuthelekiswa, i-PFE ye-mask yethu ye-L2 yi-94.2 ± 0.6%, kunye ne-PFE ye-mask ye-L3 yi-94.9 ± 0.3%.Nangona ezi PFE zodlula ii-PFE ezininzi kuncwadi, kufuneka siqaphele ukuba phantse akukho nqanaba lesatifikethi likhankanywe kuphando lwangaphambili, kwaye iimaski zethu zotyando zifumene inqanaba lesi-2 kunye nenqanaba lesi-3 lesatifikethi.
Ngendlela efanayo naleyo yahlalutywa ngayo izixhobo zemaski zomviwa kuMfanekiso 2, uvavanyo oluthathu lwenziwa kwezinye izinto ezintandathu ukujonga ukufaneleka kwazo kwimaski kunye nokubonisa ukusebenza kwesixhobo sePFE.Umzobo wesi-3 ucwangcisa amaxabiso e-PFE azo zonke izixhobo ezivavanyiweyo kwaye uzithelekisa namaxabiso e-PFE afunyenwe ngokuvavanya imathiriyeli yemaski ye-L3 kunye ne-N95 eqinisekisiweyo.Ukusuka kwiimaski ezili-11 / izixhobo zemaski zabaviwa ezikhethelwe lo msebenzi, uluhlu olubanzi lwentsebenzo yePFE lunokubonwa ngokucacileyo, ukusuka ≈10% ukuya kufutshane ne-100%, ngokuhambelana nezinye izifundo, [8, 9, 15] kunye nezichazi zeshishini. Akukho budlelwane bucacileyo phakathi kwePFE kunye nePFE.Umzekelo, izixhobo ezinokwakheka okufanayo (iisampuli ezimbini ze-100% zomqhaphu kunye ne-cotton muslin) zibonisa amaxabiso e-PFE ahluke kakhulu (14%, 54%, kunye ne-13%, ngokulandelanayo).Kodwa kubalulekile ukuba ukusebenza okuphantsi (umzekelo, i-100% yomqhaphu A; PFE ≈ 14%), ukusebenza okuphakathi (umzekelo, 70%/30% umqhaphu/umxube wepolyester; PFE ≈ 49%) kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu (umzekelo, ijezi Ilaphu, PFE ≈ 78%) Ilaphu linokuchongwa ngokucacileyo kusetyenziswa izixhobo zePFE ezichazwe kulo msebenzi.Ingakumbi amalaphu ejezi kunye nezixhobo zokubetha umqhaphu ziqhube kakuhle kakhulu, ngeePFE ezisuka kwi-70% ukuya kuma-80%.Izinto ezinjalo eziphezulu zokusebenza zingachongwa kwaye zihlalutywe ngokubanzi ukuqonda iimpawu ezifaka isandla ekusebenzeni kwazo okuphezulu kokucoca.Nangona kunjalo, sifuna ukukhumbuza ukuba ngenxa yokuba iziphumo ze-PFE zemathiriyeli ezineenkcazo zeshishini ezifanayo (okt imathiriyeli yomqhaphu) zahluke kakhulu, ezi datha azibonisi ukuba zeziphi izixhobo eziluncedo kakhulu kwiimaski zelaphu, kwaye asizimiselanga kunikezela ngeempawu- iindidi zezinto.Ubudlelwane bokusebenza.Sinika imizekelo ethile ukubonisa ulungelelwaniso, ukubonisa ukuba umlinganiselo ugubungela lonke uluhlu olunokwenzeka lokuhluza, kwaye unike ubungakanani bempazamo yokulinganisa.
Sifumene ezi ziphumo zePFE ukubonisa ukuba izixhobo zethu zineendlela ezininzi zokulinganisa, impazamo ephantsi, kwaye xa kuthelekiswa nedatha efunyenwe kuncwadi.Umzekelo, uZangmeister et al.Iziphumo zePFE zamalaphu omqhaphu olukiweyo aliqela (umz. “umqhaphu 1-11″) (89 ukuya kuma-812 imisonto nge-intshi nganye) zixeliwe.Kwi-9 yezixhobo ze-11, "i-filtration encinci ye-filtration" isuka kwi-0% ukuya kwi-25%;I-PFE yezinye izinto ezimbini zimalunga nama-32%.[14] Ngokufanayo, uKonda et al.Idatha ye-PFE yeendwangu ezimbini zekotoni (80 kunye ne-600 TPI; 153 kunye ne-152 gm-2) zichazwe.I-PFE isuka kwi-7% ukuya kwi-36% kunye ne-65% ukuya kwi-85%, ngokulandelanayo.Kuphononongo lukaDrewnick et al., Kwilaphu lomqhaphu elinomgca omnye (oko kukuthi umqhaphu, umqhaphu onithiweyo, imoleton; 139–265 TPI; 80–140 gm–2), uluhlu lwempahla yePFE imalunga ne-10% ukuya kuma-30%.Kwisifundo sikaJoo et al., I-100% ye-cotton material yabo ine-PFE ye-8% (ii-300 nm particles).Bagheri et al.amasuntswana e-latex e-polystyrene e-0.3 ukuya ku-0.5 µm.I-PFE yezinto ezintandathu zekotoni (120-200 TPI; 136-237 gm-2) yalinganiswa, ukusuka kwi-0% ukuya kwi-20%.[18] Ngoko ke, uninzi lwezi zixhobo zivumelana kakuhle neziphumo zePFE zeempahla zethu ezintathu zekotoni (oko kukuthi i-Veratex Muslin CT, i-Fabric Store Cottons A kunye ne-B), kunye nokusebenza kwabo okuqhelekileyo kokucoca yi-13%, i-14% kwaye ngokulandelanayo.54%.Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba kukho iiyantlukwano ezinkulu phakathi kwemathiriyeli yomqhaphu kunye nokuba iipropathi zezinto eziphathekayo ezikhokelela kwi-PFE ephezulu (oko kukuthi i-Konda et al.'s 600 TPI cotton; umqhaphu wethu B) aziqondwa kakuhle.
Xa sisenza olu thelekiso, siyavuma ukuba kunzima ukufumana imathiriyeli evavanyiweyo kuncwadi oluneempawu ezifanayo (oko kukuthi, ukwakheka kwezinto, ukuluka nokunitha, i-TPI, ubunzima, njl.njl.) kunye nezinto ezivavanyiweyo kolu phando, kwaye ke ngoko ayinakuthelekiswa ngokuthe ngqo.Ukongezelela, ukungafani kwezixhobo ezisetyenziswe ngababhali kunye nokungabikho komgangatho kwenza kube nzima ukwenza uthelekiso oluhle.Nangona kunjalo, kucacile ukuba ubudlelwane bokusebenza / bokusebenza kwamalaphu aqhelekileyo abuqondi kakuhle.Izixhobo ziya kuvavanywa ngakumbi ngezixhobo ezisemgangathweni, eziguquguqukayo nezithembekileyo (ezifana nezixhobo ezichazwe kulo msebenzi) ukumisela obu budlelwane.
Nangona kukho impazamo yeenkcukacha-manani iyonke (0-5%) phakathi kwe-replicate enye (0-4%) kunye neesampulu ezihlalutywe ngokuphindwe kathathu, izixhobo ezicetywayo kulo msebenzi zingqineke zisisixhobo esisebenzayo sokuvavanya i-PFE yezinto ezahlukeneyo.Amalaphu aqhelekileyo kwiimaski zonyango eziqinisekisiweyo.Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba phakathi kwezinto ezili-11 ezivavanyelwe uMfanekiso 3, impazamo yosasazo σprop idlula ukutenxa okusemgangathweni phakathi kwemilinganiselo yePFE yesampulu enye, oko kukuthi, i-σsd ye-9 kwizixhobo ezili-11;ezi zithintelo zimbini zenzeka kwixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu le-PFE (okt L2 kunye ne-L3 imaski).Nangona iziphumo zinikezelwe nguRengasamy et al.Ukubonisa ukuba umahluko phakathi kweesampulu eziphindaphindiweyo zincinci (okt, ukuphindaphinda ezintlanu <0.29%), [25] bafunda izinto ezineempawu zokucoca eziphezulu ezaziwayo ezenzelwe ngokukodwa ukuveliswa kwemaski: izinto ngokwazo zinokuba zifanayo, kwaye uvavanyo lukwanjalo. Indawo yoluhlu lwePFE inokuhambelana ngakumbi.Ngokubanzi, iziphumo ezifunyenwe kusetyenziswa izixhobo zethu zihambelana nedatha yePFE kunye nemigangatho yokuqinisekisa efunyenwe ngabanye abaphandi.
Nangona i-PFE isalathiso esibalulekileyo sokulinganisa ukusebenza kwemaski, ngeli xesha kufuneka sikhumbuze abafundi ukuba uhlalutyo olubanzi lwezixhobo zemaski zexesha elizayo kufuneka luthathele ingqalelo ezinye izinto, oko kukuthi, ukunyanzeliswa kwezinto (oko kukuthi, ngokuhla koxinzelelo okanye uvavanyo loxinzelelo olwahlukileyo. ).Kukho imigaqo kwi-ASTM F2100 kunye neF3502.Ukuphefumla okwamkelekileyo kubalulekile ekuthuthuzeleni komntu oyinxibileyo kunye nokuthintela ukuvuza komphetho wemaski ngexesha lokuphefumla.Kuba iPFE kunye nokungena komoya kwezinto ezininzi eziqhelekileyo zihlala zilinganisa ngokungafaniyo, umlinganiselo wokuthotywa koxinzelelo kufuneka wenziwe kunye nomlinganiselo wePFE ukuvavanya ngokupheleleyo ukusebenza kwesixhobo semaski.
Sincoma ukuba izikhokelo zokwakha izixhobo ze-PFE ngokuhambelana ne-ASTM F2299 zibalulekile ekuphuculeni okuqhubekayo kwemigangatho, ukuveliswa kwedatha yophando enokuthelekiswa phakathi kweelabhoratri zophando, kunye nokuphucula ukuhluzwa kwe-aerosol.Ukuthembela kuphela kwi-NIOSH (okanye i-F3502) esemgangathweni, echaza isixhobo esisodwa (TSI 8130A) kwaye inqanda abaphandi ekuthengeni izixhobo zokujika (umzekelo, iinkqubo ze-TSI).Ukuxhomekeka kwiinkqubo ezisemgangathweni ezifana ne-TSI 8130A ibalulekile kwisatifikethi somgangatho wangoku, kodwa inciphisa uphuhliso lweemaski, iziphefumlo, kunye nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokuhluza i-aerosol ephikisana nenkqubela yophando.Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba umgangatho we-NIOSH waphuhliswa njengendlela yokuvavanya i-respirators phantsi kweemeko ezinzima ezilindelekileyo xa esi sixhobo sifunekayo, kodwa ngokuchaseneyo, iimaski zokuhlinzwa zivavanywa ngeendlela ze-ASTM F2100 / F2299.Ubume kunye nesimbo seemaski zoluntu zifana neemaski zotyando, oko akuthethi ukuba banomsebenzi obalaseleyo wokuhluza njenge-N95.Ukuba iimaski zotyando zisavavanywa ngokuhambelana ne-ASTM F2100/F2299, amalaphu aqhelekileyo kufuneka ahlalutywe kusetyenziswa indlela ekufutshane ne-ASTM F2100/F2299.Ukongeza, i-ASTM F2299 ivumela ukuguquguquka okongeziweyo kwiiparameters ezahlukeneyo (ezifana nesantya sokuhamba komoya kunye nesantya somphezulu kwizifundo zokuhluza ukusebenza kakuhle), enokuthi iyenze ibe ngumgangatho ongaphezulu kwimeko yophando.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-30-2021